Citation:
Aparna Panda,D. Karmakar,Manu Rao.Performance Evaluation of Pile-Restrained Floating Breakwater using the Multi-domain Boundary Element Method[J].Journal of Marine Science and Application,2026,(4):933-956.[doi:10.1007/s11804-025-00771-9]
Click and Copy
Performance Evaluation of Pile-Restrained Floating Breakwater using the Multi-domain Boundary Element Method
Aparna Panda,D. Karmakar,Manu Rao.Performance Evaluation of Pile-Restrained Floating Breakwater using the Multi-domain Boundary Element Method[J].Journal of Marine Science and Application,2026,(4):933-956.[doi:10.1007/s11804-025-00771-9]
Info
- Title:
- Performance Evaluation of Pile-Restrained Floating Breakwater using the Multi-domain Boundary Element Method
- Author(s):
- Aparna Panda1; D. Karmakar1; Manu Rao1
- Affilations:
- Keywords:
- Pile-restrained breakwater; Multi-Domain boundary element method (MDBEM); Reflection coefficient; Wave force coefficient
- DOI:
- 10.1007/s11804-025-00771-9
- Abstract:
- This study investigates wave interactions with different configurations of pile-restrained floating breakwater (T-shaped, ⊥-shaped, Π-shaped, H-shaped, I-shaped, and rectangular) with the multi-domain boundary element method. The analysis incorporates horizontal and vertical stratification in floating structures. Key scattering factors, including reflection, transmission, and dissipation coefficients, are evaluated to determine the influences of the structural and geometric parameters on floating breakwater performance. Additionally, this study examines the horizontal wave forces exerted on the seaward and leeward sides of the structures. Model convergence is validated, and the accuracy of the computational results is confirmed by comparing the wave reflection and transmission coefficient for rectangular floating pontoon and stratified submerged porous box. Further validation is provided by comparing the numerical results for an H-shaped model with experimental data obtained from wave flume testing. Findings indicate that the H-type breakwater demonstrates superior performance in deep-water environments, whereas the ⊥-type structure exhibits greater wave energy transmission and reflection in shallow-water environments. Moreover, the H-type configuration experiences the highest wave forces, whereas the ⊥-type structure experiences the least. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the design and analysis of floating breakwaters in offshore environments.
References:
[1] Abul-Azm AG, Gesraha MR (2000) Approximation to the hydrodynamics of floating pontoons under oblique waves. Ocean Engineering 27(4): 365-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-8018(98)00057-2
[2] Behera H, Ghosh S (2019) Oblique wave trapping by a surface-piercing flexible porous barrier in the presence of step-type bottoms. Journal of Marine Science and Application 18: 433-443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11804-018-0036-2
[3] Bottin Robert R Jr, Turner Kent A (1980) Seabrook lock complex, lake pontchartrain, LA: Design for wave protection at lock entrance: Hydraulic model investigation. Vicksburg, Mississippi: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Technical Report HL-80-87. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11970/111967
[4] Brebbia CA, Dominguez J (1992) Boundary elements: an introductory course. Surrey:WIT Press
[5] Carr JH (1951) Mobile breakwater. Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1(2): 25. https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v2.25
[6] Choi YR, Hong SY, Choi HS (2000) An analysis of second-order wave forces on floating bodies by using a higher-order boundary element method. Coastal Engineering 28(1): 117-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-8018(99)00064-5
[7] Chwang AT, Chan AT (1998) Interaction between porous media and wave motion. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 30(1): 53-84. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.30.1.53
[8] Dai J, Wang CM, Utsunomiya T, Duan W (2018) Review of recent research and developments on floating breakwaters. Ocean Engineering 158: 132-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018. 03.083
[9] Deng Z, Wang L, Zhao X, Huang Z (2019) Hydrodynamic performances of a T-shaped floating breakwater. Applied Ocean Research 82: 325-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2018.11.002
[10] Duan W, Xu S, Xu Q, Ertekin RC, Ma S (2016) Performance of an F-type floating breakwater: A numerical and experimental study. Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 231(2): 583-599. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475090216673461
[11] Esmaeelpour K, Shafaghat R, Alamian R, Bayani R (2016) Numerical study of various geometries of breakwaters for the installation of floating wind turbines. Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 13: 27-37. https://doi.org/10.3329/jname.v13i1.22866
[12] Gesraha MR (2006) Analysis of Π shaped floating breakwater in oblique waves: I. Impervious rigid wave boards. Applied Ocean Research 28: 327-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2007.01.002
[13] Goda Y, Suzuki Y (1976) Estimation of incident and reflected waves in random wave experiments. Coastal Engineering 828-845. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780872620834.048
[14] Günayd?n K, Kabda?l? MS (2004) Performance of solid and perforated U-type breakwaters under regular and irregular waves. Ocean Engineering 31: 1377-1405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng. 2004.02.002
[15] Günayd?n K, Kabda?l? MS (2007) Investigation of П-type breakwaters performance under regular and irregular waves. Ocean Engineering 34: 1028-1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2006.03.015
[16] Hales LZ (1981) Floating Breakwaters: State-of-the-Art Literature Review. U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center. Technical Report No. 81-1. https://hdl.handle.net/11681/12605
[17] Hassanpour N, Lara JL, Vicinanza D, Contestabile P (2025) Laboratory experiments on transforming emerged into submerged breakwaters. Ocean Engineering 324: 120610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng. 2025.120610
[18] Hay D (1966) Considerations for the design of a floating breakwater. Vancouver Department of Public Works of Canada
[19] Ji CY, Chen X, Cui J, Yuan ZM, Incecik A (2015) Experimental study of a new type of floating breakwater. Ocean Engineering 105: 295-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.06.046
[20] Ji C, Deng X, Cheng Y (2019) An experimental study of double-row floating breakwaters. Journal of Marine Science and Technology 24: 359–371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00773-018-0554-2
[21] Koley S (2019) Wave transmission through multilayered porous breakwater under regular and irregular incident waves. Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 108: 393-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enganabound.2019.08.011
[22] Liu Y, Li Y, Teng B (2007) Wave interaction with a new type perforated breakwater. Acta Mechanica Sinica 23: 351-358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-007-0086-1
[23] Liu R, Chen Y, Wang X, Lian J (2025) Study on wave dissipation performance of permeable plate breakwater. Ocean Engineering 321: 120153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.120153
[24] Mani JS (1991) Design of Y-frame floating breakwater. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering 117: 105-119. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1991)117:2(105)
[25] McCartney BL (1985) Floating Breakwater Design. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering 111(2): 304-318. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1985)111:2(304)
[26] McDougal WG, Sulisz W (1989) Seabed stability near floating structures. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering 115(6): 727-739. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1989)115:6(727)
[27] Mei CC, Black JL (1969) Scattering of surface waves by rectangular obstacles in waters of finite depth. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 38(3): 499-511. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112069000309
[28] Mustapa MA, Yaakob OB, Ahmed YM, Rheem CK, Koh KK, Adnan FA (2017) Wave energy device and breakwater integration: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 77: 43-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.110
[29] Neelamani S, Rajendran R (2002) Wave interaction with T-type breakwaters. Ocean Engineering 29: 151-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-8018(00)00060-3
[30] Nishad CS, Vijay KG, Neelamani S, Chen JT (2021) Dual BEM for wave scattering by an H-type porous barrier with nonlinear pressure drop. Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 131: 280-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enganabound.2021.06.011
[31] Patil SB, Karmakar D (2021) Performance evaluation of submerged breakwater using Multi-Domain Boundary Element Method. Applied Ocean Research 114: 102-760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2021.102760
[32] Paul D, Behera H (2024) Wave attenuation on a floating rigid dock by multiple surface-piercing vertical thin perforated barriers. Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements 169: 105985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enganabound.2024.105985
[33] Peng W, Lee KH, Shin SH, Mizutani N (2013) Numerical simulation of interactions between water waves and inclined-moored submerged floating breakwaters. Coastal Engineering 82: 76-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2013.07.002
[34] Sahoo H, Gayathri R, Khan MB, Behera H (2023) Hybrid boundary element and eigenfunction expansion method for wave trapping by a floating porous box near a rigid wall. Ships and Offshore Structures 18(8): 1148-1158. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445302. 2022.2108227
[35] Sener MZ, Yoon HK, Nguyen TTD, Park J, Kose E (2023) An experimental study on capacitive and ultrasonic measurement principles and uncertainty assessment in laboratory wave measurements. Ocean Engineering 285: 115320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115320
[36] Sollitt CK, Cross RH (1972) Wave transmission through permeable breakwaters. Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1827-1846. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780872620490.106
[37] Tanneau O, Lamary P, Chevalier Y (2006) A boundary element method for porous media. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120(3): 1239-1251. https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2221407
[38] Trivedi K, Koley S (2021) Effect of varying bottom topography on the radiation of water waves by a floating rectangular buoy. Fluids 6(2): 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids 6020059
[39] Twu SW, Liu CC, Hsu WH (2001) Wave damping characteristics of deeply submerged breakwaters. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, Ocean Engineering 127: 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2001)127:2(97)
[40] Venkateswarlu V, Praveen KM, Karmakar D (2020) Surface gravity wave scattering by multiple energy absorbing structures of variable horizontal porosity. Coastal Engineering Journal 62(4): 504-526. https://doi.org/10.1080/21664250.2020.1794274
[41] Venkateswarlu V, Panduranga K, Vijay KG, Behera H (2024) Evaluation of oscillating water column efficiency in the presence of multiple bottom-standing breakwaters under oblique waves. Physics of Fluids 36(11): 117175. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0237370
[42] Vijay KG, Venkateswarlu V, Nishad CS (2021) Wave scattering by inverted trapezoidal porous boxes using dual boundary element method. Ocean Engineering 219: 108149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.108149
[43] Vishwakarma RD, Karmakar D (2024) Hydrodynamic analysis of different shapes of moored hybrid floating breakwater. Journal of Marine Science and Application 23(4): 743-761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11804-024-00519-x
[44] Wang K, Shi P, Chen Y, Cheng X (2019) Study on submerged upper arc-shaped plate type breakwater. China Ocean Engineering 33(2): 219-225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13344-019-0021-9
[45] Williams AN, Abul-Azm AG (1997) Dual pontoon floating breakwater. Ocean Engineering 24(5): 456-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0029-8018(96)00024-8
[46] Yanna Z, Guohai D, Benchao G, Changping C (2011) Numerical simulation of single box floating breakwater in time domain. Advanced Materials Research 250-253: 3634-3637. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.250-253.3634
[47] Yu X, Chwang AT (1994) Wave Motion through Porous Structures. Journal of Engineering Mechanics 120: 989-1008. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1994)120:5(989)
[48] Zhan J, Chen X, Gong Y, Hu W (2017) Numerical investigation of the interaction between an inverse T-type fixed/floating breakwater and regular/irregular waves. Ocean Engineering 137: 110-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.03.058
[49] Zhang M, Wang G, Qi X, Wan S (2024) Hydrodynamic performance of a dual cylindrical caisson breakwater with dual porous ring plates fixed inside. Ocean Engineering 307: 118181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118181
[50] Zheng YH, Shen YM, Ng CO (2007) Effective boundary element method for the interaction of oblique waves with long prismatic structures in water of finite depth. Ocean Engineering 35: 494-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2007.12.003
Memo
- Memo:
- Received date:2025-3-16;Accepted date:2025-5-27。<br>Corresponding author:D. Karmakar，E-mail:dkarmakar@nitk.edu.in
