Citation:
Lijiang Wei,Xiuwei Lu,Wenqing Huang,et al.Effects of Split Injection on Combustion, Emissions, and Intermediate Species of Natural Gas High-Pressure Direct Injection Engine[J].Journal of Marine Science and Application,2025,(1):210-223.[doi:10.1007/s11804-024-00456-9]
Click and Copy
Effects of Split Injection on Combustion, Emissions, and Intermediate Species of Natural Gas High-Pressure Direct Injection Engine
Lijiang Wei,Xiuwei Lu,Wenqing Huang,et al.Effects of Split Injection on Combustion, Emissions, and Intermediate Species of Natural Gas High-Pressure Direct Injection Engine[J].Journal of Marine Science and Application,2025,(1):210-223.[doi:10.1007/s11804-024-00456-9]
Info
- Title:
- Effects of Split Injection on Combustion, Emissions, and Intermediate Species of Natural Gas High-Pressure Direct Injection Engine
- Author(s):
- Lijiang Wei; Xiuwei Lu; Wenqing Huang; Qimin Song
- Affilations:
- Keywords:
- High pressure direct injection; Natural gas; Split injection strategy; Injection ratio; Combustion
- DOI:
- 10.1007/s11804-024-00456-9
- Abstract:
- Using natural gas (NG) as the primary fuel helps alleviate the fossil fuel crisis while reducing engine soot and nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions. In this paper, the influences of a novel split injection concept on an NG high pressure direct injection (HPDI) engine are examined. Four typical split injection strategies, namely split pre-injection of pilot diesel (PD) and NG, split post-injection of PD and NG, split pre-injection of NG, and split post-injection of PD, were developed to investigate the influences on combustion and emissions. Results revealed that split pre-injection of NG enhanced the atomization of PD, whereas the split post-injection of NG lowered the temperature in the core region of the PD spray, resulting in the deterioration of combustion. The effect of the split injection strategy on indicated thermal efficiency exceeded 7.5%. Split pre-injection was favorable to enhancing thermal efficiency, whereas split post-injection was not. Ignition delay, combustion duration, and premixed combustion time proportion were affected by injection strategies by 3.8%, 50%, and 19.7%, respectively. Split pre-injection increased CH4 emission in the exhaust. Split post-injection, especially split post-injection of PD and NG, reduced the unburned CH4 emission by approximately 30%. When the split post-injection ratio was less than 30%, the trade-off between NOX and soot was interrupted. The distribution range of hydroxyl radicals was expanded by pre-injection, and NOX was generated in the region where the NG jet hit the wall. This paper provides valuable insights into the optimization of HPDI injection parameters.
References:
Beale JC, Reitz RD (1999) Modeling spray atomization with the Kelvin-Helmholtz/Rayleigh-Taylor hybrid model. Atomization and Sprays 9(6): 623-650. https://doi.org/10.1615/atomizspr.v9.i6.40
Bruneaux G (2008) Combustion structure of free and wall-impinging diesel jets by simultaneous laser-induced fluorescence of formaldehyde, poly-aromatic hydrocarbons, and hydroxides. International Journal of Engine Research 9(3): 249-265. https://doi.org/10.1243/14680874JER00108
Gharehghani A, Hosseini R, Mirsalim M, Jazayeri SA, Yusaf T (2015) An experimental study on reactivity controlled compression ignition engine fueled with biodiesel/natural gas. Energy 89: 558-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.014
Guerry ES, Raihan MS, Srinivasan KK, Krishinan SR, Sohail A (2016) Injection timing effects on partially premixed diesel-methane dual fuel low temperature combustion. Applied Energy 162: 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.085
Hiroyasu H, Kadota T (1976) Models for combustion and formation of nitric oxide and soot in DI diesel engines. SAE Technical Paper. https://doi.org/10.4271/76012
Huang HZ, Zhu ZJ, Chen YJ, Chen YJ, Lv DL, Zhu JZ, Ouyang TC (2019) Experimental and numerical study of multiple injection effects on combustion and emission characteristics of natural gas-diesel dual-fuel engine. Energy Conversion and Management 183: 84-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.12.110
Kalam MA, Masjuki HH (2011) An experimental investigation of high-performance natural gas engine with direct injection. Energy 36(5): 3563-3571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.03.066
Kheirkhah P (2015) CFD modeling of injection strategies in a high-pressure direct-injection (HPDI) natural gas engine. Master thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
Kosaka H, Aizawa T, Kamimoto T (2005) Two-dimensional imaging of ignition and soot formation processes in a diesel flame. International Journal of Engine Research 6(1): 21-42. https://doi.org/10.1243/146808705x7347
Li JR, Liu HF, Liu XL, Ye Y, Wang H, Yao MF (2021) Investigation of the combustion kinetics process in a high-pressure direct injection natural gas marine engine. Energy & Fuels 35 (8): 6785-6797. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c00353
Li JR, Liu XL, Liu HF, Ye Y, Wang H, Dong JJ, Liu B, Yao MF (2020) Kinetic study of the ignition process of methane/n-heptane fuel blends under high-pressure direct-injection natural gas engine conditions. Energy & Fuels 34(11): 14796-14813. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c02667
Li JR, Wang JT, Liu T, Dong JJ, Liu B, Wu CH, Ye Y, Wang H, Liu HF (2019) An investigation of the influence of gas injection rate shape on high-pressure direct-injection natural gas marine engines. ENERGIES 12(13): 2571. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12132571
Li MH, Zhang Q, Li GX, Shao SD (2015) Experimental investigation on performance and heat release analysis of a pilot ignited direct injection natural gas engine. Energy 90: 1251-1260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.089
Liu HF, Li JR, Wang JT, Wu CH, Liu B, Dong JJ, Liu T, Ye Y, Wang H, Yao MF (2019) Effects of injection strategies on low-speed marine engines using the dual fuel of high-pressure direct-injection natural gas and diesel. Energy Science & Engineering 7(5): 1994-2010. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.406
Lounici MS, Loubar K, Tarabet L, Balistrou M, Niculwscu D, Tazerout M (2014) Towards improvement of natural gas-diesel dual fuel mode: an experimental investigation on performance and exhaust emissions. Energy 64: 200-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.10.091
Lu XW, Geng P, Chen YY (2020) NOX emission reduction technology for marine engine based on tier-III: A review. Journal of Thermal Science 29: 1241-1268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-020-1342-y
Lu XW, Wei LJ, Zhong JJ (2022) Effects of injection overlap and EGR on performance and emissions of natural gas HPDI marine engine. Combustion Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2022.2062568
Macian V, Payri R, Ruiz S, Bardi M, Plazas AH (2014) Experimental study of the relationship between injection rate shape and Diesel ignition using a novel piezo-actuated direct-acting injector. Appl. Energy 118: 100-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.12.025
Magno A, Mancaruso E, Vaglieco BM (2015) Combustion analysis of dual fuel operation in single cylinder research engine fueled with methane and Diesel. SAE Technical Paper, 2015-24-2461. https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-24-2461
Mas FMA, Yoshiyuki K, Yusuke O, Tomoshi K (2011) Improvement of combustion of CNG engine using CNG direct injection and gas-jet ignition method. SAE Technical Papers, 2011-01-1994. https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-1994
McTaggart-Cowan GP, Jones HL, Rogak SN, Munshi, SR, Bushe WK (2007) The effects of high-pressure injection on a compression-ignition, direct injection of natural gas engine. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 129(2): 579-588. https://doi.org/10.1115/icef2005-1213
McTaggart-Cowan GP, Rogak SH, Hill PG, Bushe WK, Munshi SR (2004) Effect of operating condition on particulate matter and nitrogen oxides emissions from a heavy-duty direct injection natural gas engine using cooled exhaust gas recirculation. International Journal of Engine Research 5(6): 499-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/146808740400500602
Musculus M, Miles PC, Pickett LM (2013) Conceptual models for partially premixed low-temperature diesel combustion. Progress in Energy & Combustion Science 39: 246-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2012.09.001
Nagle J, Strickland-Constable RF (1962) Oxidation of carbon between 1000-2000 ℃. Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Carbon. 154-164, Pogama. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-009707-7.50026-1
Nithyanandan K, Gao Y, Wu H, Lee CF, Liu FS, Yan JH (2017) An optical investigation of multiple diesel injections in CNG/diesel dual-fuel combustion in a light duty optical diesel engine. SAE Technical Paper, 2017-01-0755. https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-0755
Papagiannakis RG, Hountalas DT, Rakopoulos CD (2007) Theoretical study of the effects of pilot fuel quantity and its injection timing on the performance and emissions of a dual fuel diesel engine. Energy Conversion and Management 48: 2951-2961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2007.07.003
Papagiannakis RG, Krishnan SR, Rakopoulos DC, Srinivasan KK, Rakopoulos CD (2017) A combined experimental and theoretical study of diesel fuel injection timing and gaseous fuel/diesel mass ratio effects on the performance and emissions of natural gas-diesel HPDI engine operating at various loads. Fuel 202: 675-687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.05.012
Rahimi A, Fatehifar E, Saray RK (2010) Development of an optimized chemical kinetic mechanism for homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion of a fuel blend of n-heptane and natural gas using a genetic algorithm. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 224: 1141-1159. https://doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto1343
Sankesh D, Lappas P (2020) An experimental and numerical study of natural gas jets for direct injection internal combustion engines. Fuel 263: 116745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116745
Sankesh D, Petersen P, Lappas P (2018) Flow characteristics of natural-gas from an outward-opening nozzle for direct injection engines. Fuel 218: 188-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.01.009
Thangaraja J, Kannan C (2016) Effect of exhaust gas recirculation on advanced diesel combustion and alternate fuels-a review. Applied Energy 180: 169-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.07.09
Wang CY, Liu FS, Wu WF (2012) Experimental study of the impinging jet diffusion and entrainment for high-pressure injected methane. Transactions of CSIC 30: 423-428. (in Chinese) https://doi.org/10.16236/j.cnki.nrjxb.2012.05.011
Wang ZS, Zhao ZX, Wang D, Tan MZ, Han YQ, Liu ZC, Dou HL (2016) Impact of pilot diesel ignition mode on combustion and emissions characteristics of a diesel/natural gas dual fuel heavy-duty engine. Fuel 167: 248-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.11.077
Wei LJ, Geng P (2016) A review on natural gas/diesel dual fuel combustion, emissions and performance. Fuel Processing Technology 142: 264-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.09.018
Wei LJ, Yao CD, Wang QG, Pan W, Han GP (2015) Combustion and emission characteristics of a turbocharged diesel engine using high premixed ratio of methanol and diesel fuel. Fuel 140: 156-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.070
Zhang Q, Li MH, Shao SD (2015) Combustion process and emissions of a heavy-duty engine fueled with directly injected natural gas and pilot diesel. Applied Energy 157: 217-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.08.021
Zhang Z, Liu HF, Yue ZY, Wu YY, Kong XG, Zheng ZQ, Yao MF (2022) Effects of multiple injection strategies on heavy-duty diesel energy distributions and emissions under high peak combustion pressures. Frontiers in Energy Research 10: 857077. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.857077
Zheng ZQ, Yue L, Liu HF, Zhu YX, Zhong XF, Yao MF (2015) Effect of two-stage injection on combustion and emissions under high EGR rate on a diesel engine by fueling blends of diesel/gasoline, diesel/n-butanol, diesel/gasoline/n-butanol and pure diesel. Energy Conversion and Management 90: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.11.011
Zoldak P, Sobiesiak A, Bergin M, Wickman DD (2014) Computational study of reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) combustion in a heavy-duty diesel engine using natural gas. SAE Technical Paper 1: 2014-01-1321. https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1321
Zoldak P, Sobiesiak A, Wickman D, Bergin M (2015) Combustion simulation of dual fuel CNG engine using direct injection of natural gas and diesel. SAE Technical Paper 8(2): 2015-01-0851. https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-0851
Memo
- Memo:
-
Received date:2023-5-23;Accepted date:2024-3-27。
Foundation item:Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51909154) and Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ship Intelligent Maintenance and Energy Efficiency (No. 20DZ2252300).
Corresponding author:Lijiang Wei,E-mail:ljwei0630@163.com
